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"The monograph considers influence over time of Fairtrade and Rainforest Alliance in 10 Costa Rican coffee farming communities. In-country perspectives and relevant historic and contemporary literature inform findings.
Misaligned intentions to outcomes; different sustainability approaches; and variable influence is observed. There is opportunity to: consider when certifications are most useful; develop locally relevant standards; vertically integrate sourcing chains; consider how complementary mechanisms can be used alongside, or to improve certification approach.
Sustainability of coffee as a cash crop, considering influence on biodiversity, and the possible implication of reduced coffee crop density for consumers, the market and farming landscapes, is considered.
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As a survey by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (2019) confirms coffee is consumed in 83% of Hungarian households, thus our country can be considered to be one of the major coffee drinking nations. At the end of the 19th century and the turn of the twentieth Budapest with its internationally famous and unique coffee culture was known as the coffeehouse capital. Post-modern tourism revived this tradition and coffee became once again a favourite consumer item while cafés turned into scenes of community life. The latest stage of the coffeehouse renaissance was partly due to the increasing role of American type café chains including McCafé, Starbucks, California Coffee Company etc. and the drop in the price of the Arabica coffee. Our research focuses on the impact of this new type of coffee consumption wave on the coffee habits of Hungarians. The American café chains have become widespread in Europe and their ability to keep the price of coffee low worldwide demonstrates significant market power. While coffee consumption has several benefits from a physiological point of view, its environmental impact is detrimental to the planet. Coffee cultivation contributes to the destruction of rainforests, the changing of the soil and last but not least results in a high amount of solid waste due to the popularity of coffee capsules. Our treatise explores these concerns as well.

This article explores the land use conflict. Coal exploitation precludes agricultural production and, as a result, mining-energy projects come across NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) opposition from the farming community. An investigation was carried out in two rural communes: Krobia and Miejska Górka in the Wielkopolska Region in Poland. The aim was to obtain an answer to the following questions: (1) if acting in the name of energy security, should we accept the state government interest and start exploitation of the lignite resource? (2) If acting in the name of landowners' rights, should we accept the local community interest and maintain the current farming production? and (3) is it possible to reconcile the interests of the conflict beneficiaries? The following qualitative methods were used: keyword and content analysis of word data, such as scientific papers, legal documents, and parliamentary questions (PQs), while the discourse analysis was focused on the policy and procedural conflicts. In the results section, possible solutions for heading off the conflict are presented. The results contribute to an integrated understanding of conflicts over mining and farming land use.

Emerging challenges to farming drives farming systems to have three strategies; intensification options optimizing resources and technological innovations, firm diversification orchestrating interdependencies among sectoral boundaries, and transition to new system and trajectories. The trajectory shift emphasis on how new sectoral systems (dairy sector) emerges, and what is the link with the previous sectoral system (coffee) in terms of impact pathway. This paper, therefore, presents (1) how the transition from coffee to dairy based farming system in the coffee agroforestry systems of Murang?a County, central Kenya is taking place? (2) What derives for the transition from coffee to dairy based systems? And (3) what contributes the transition from intensified coffee based to dairy based farming system on household food security? Our data collection consists of three sources. Household survey (120), focus group discussions (9 FGDs) and stakeholders? interview (15 interviews). Coffee production in Kenya has declined by 65% in the last 30 years, and as much as 5 times in Murang?a County, a major coffee producing area. The dairy sector is, however, in opposite visualizing sharp increase in volume of production and price. The study finds that innovation process and actors? interaction differs for the coffee and dairy based systems. Actors in the coffee are limited, the system is highly centralized with limited options to farmers to process and market their product while the dairy sector is less informally controlled by demand based business, comparatively numerous actors with limited government intervention, various options to process and marketing products. Exponential increase in production cost which is a function of coffee diseases and institutional failure (financial and none financial) of the coffee sector while strong public and private intuitions are emerging in the dairy sector is the other driver of the transition.

India produces about 4% of the world's coffee, and the district of Kodagu (Coorg) in the Western Ghats produces one third of the Indian coffee in diverse agro-forestry systems. The landscape is made of multi-storeyed plantations of coffee and associated crops (pepper, cardamom), grown in landscapes associated with terraced rice fields and fragments of evergreen rainforests. This landscape mosaic is subject to strong social and ecological dynamics. The forest has been reduced by more than 30% in 20 years because of the development of coffee plantations; the tree cover rich in native species is being progressively replaced by one single exotic tree species, Grevillea robusta In this context, we describe three strategies of adding value to localised products (here, coffee) based on the reputation of the locality and explore their possible links with the conservation of the cultural and biological diversity of the district. The first approach is based on the use of trademarks comprising the geographical name of the district, Coorg. Large corporate coffee estates use them to market their products. The second is based on geographical indications (GIs) widely promoted by the government of India since 2003. There are already GIs on products originating from Coorg (Coorg Green Cardamom and Coorg Orange) but none on its leading product, coffee. The reputation and the historical proofs are already established, but the specifications of the product and the area of production are yet to be defined. In this scenario, the Coffee Board of India could play a leading role, acting on behalf of the interests of the producers. The third strategy deals with environmental certifications. Most of them are only beginning to be implemented in India. This approach rests in the hands of private entrepreneurs, certifying bodies or non-profit organisations, which can be qualified as external stakeholders imposing their norms on the local supply chain. In this paper we propose an analysis of the respective strengths and weaknesses of these three strategies and their possible use for the conservation of the cultural and biological diversity of the district.

AbstractThis paper analyses newspaper advertising for the fairtrade coffee company Cafédirect, focusing particularly on the ways UK consumers are urged to transform unequal social relations with coffee producers through consumption. The paper argues that whilst producers' lives are rendered 'knowable' to potential consumers, the reverse is not true. In addition, consumer gain is privileged over producer gain, with the commodity imbued with the 'authentic' lives and landscapes of coffee production. Thus, the 'public face' of development portrayed is that UK consumers can 'make a difference'. However, attracting potential consumers may depend on representations which are embedded in unequal power relations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Deforestation and biodiversity loss in agroecosystems are the result of rational choices, not of a lack of awareness. Despite both scientific evidence and traditional knowledge that supports the value of diverse production systems for ecosystem services and resilience, a trend of in-tensification is apparent across tropical regions. These transitions happen in spite of policies that prohibit such transformations.We present a participatory modelling study run (1) to understand the drivers of landscape transition and (2) to explore the livelihood and environmental impacts of tenure changes in the coffee agroforestry systems of Kodagu (India). The components of the system, actors and resources, and their interactions were defined with stakeholders, following the companion modelling (ComMod) approach. The underlying processes driving the system were validated through expert knowledge and scientific literature. The conceptual model was transformed into a Role Playing Game and validated by 8 workshops with 57 participants. Two scenarios were explored, a No Policy Change as baseline, and a Restitution of Rights where rights to cut the native trees are handed over to farmers. Our results suggest the landscape transition is likely to continue unabated unless there is a change to the current policy framework. However, the Restitution of tree Rights risks speeding up the process rather than reversing it, as slow variables such the differential growth rates between species kick in.

The Lao government introduced a new period of economic liberalisation with the New Economic Mechanism (NEM) in 1986. The present study examines whether market liberalisation and women's participation translated into changes in women's decision-making power in the coffee growing region of the Bolaven Plateau in southern Lao PDR. While women have always been involved in coffee farming, their participation increased when the more labour-intensive arabica coffee plants were introduced to replace the less popular robusta variety in the region. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data, the study examines gender decision-making within coffee-farming households. The findings show an increase in women's participation in decision-making with the introduction of the arabica coffee plants; however, men still hold higher decision-making power in farming households. While the NEM has brought about economic growth and provided better livelihoods for coffee farmers, this has not necessarily translated into women's empowerment. Economic growth is not enough to bring about gender equality, and there is still a need for specific policy interventions.

The Lao government introduced a new period of economic liberalisation with the New Economic Mechanism (NEM) in 1986. The present study examineswhether market liberalisation and women's participation translated into changes in women's decision-making power in the coffee growing region of the Bolaven Plateau in southern Lao PDR. While women have always been involved in coffee farming, their participation increased when the more labour-intensive arabica coffee plants were introduced to replace the less popular robusta variety in the region. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data, the study examines gender decision-making within coffee-farming households. The findings show an increase in women's participation in decision-making with the introduction of the arabica coffee plants; however, men still hold higher decision-making power in farming households. While the NEM has brought about economic growth and provided better livelihoods for coffee farmers, this has not necessarily translated into women's empowerment. Economic growth is not enough to bring about gender equality, and there is still a need for specific policy interventions.